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Sounds and syllables · Step 2 of 32

Closed two-letter words

New marks

None: the step uses marks already met.

Kernel words

am

Carney (1994)

The short word rule: lexical words usually have at least three letters, and function words can have two, pp. 131–133; short a, p. 143; short u, p. 147; short o, p. 149; s for /z/, p. 238

Step 1Open or closed Step 3Open words say their name

Page references are to Edward Carney, A Survey of English Spelling (Routledge, 1994). Updated 8 November 2026.

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